☆ 科學的唯一要求,就是對真理謙卑。
The scientist rigorously defends his right to be
ignorant of almost everything except his specialty.
( Marshall McLuhan )
☆ 思考可以成為人類最實用的利器。
從我們對科學的探討之中,
我們發現科學思維其實和日常生活的思考沒有多大分別。
科學帶給我們的啟示是,
如果能夠找到一個方法團結喜歡思考的人的力量,
互相激勵,互相監督,將日常生活的思考去蕪存菁,
並且通過訓練,學習如何擇善固執,
思考就能夠成為人類最實用的利器。
The whole of science is nothing more than
a refinement of everyday thinking.
( Albert Einstein )
All genuine scientific procedures of thought and argument
are essentially the same as those of everyday life, and
their apparent formality and supposed rigour is a result
of specialization and formalized group interactions among
scientists.
( John M. Ziman )
科學知識還算容易傳授,
科學精神及科學思維的傳授就比較困難,
似乎用哲學辯論來傳授科學精神及科學思維是一個好的方法。
☆ 經過鍛煉的思考,只能夠是小圈子的活動。
There is nothing more odious than the majority.
It consists of a few powerful men who lead the way;
of accommodating rascals and submissive weaklings;
and of a mass of men who trot after them
without in the least knowing their own minds.
( Goethe )
Modern Western civilization is the result of
endowing with the fruits of a dozen men of genius
a population which is emotionally at the level of
savages and culturally at the level of schoolboys.
( Cyril Joad )
參考:《思考可以是一種信仰》(三) 《科學世界》(二)
☆ 理論和行動最好能夠互相配合。
一般社會上思考欠清晰的人,
往往喜歡把理論和行動劃分為兩個對立的概念!
而且擁護行動的人往往佔大多數,因為他們誤以為理論不切實際。
科學給予我們一個重要的啟示,
就是理論和行動 (實驗) 永遠是在熱烈地對話,
互相協助、互相增益;
理論永遠不會歧視行動,行動也永遠不會歧視理論,
理論和行動有一個共同的目標,就是追求真理。
一般社會上頭腦欠清晰的人,
往往喜歡把理論和行動劃分為兩個對立的概念!
Art is I; science is we.
( Claude Bernard )
具備科學精神的人就會進行「有計劃的行動」,
並且在行動之中不斷修訂原先的假設或揣測;
再根據修正了的假設或揣測,進行新一步的行動,
就好像 MasterMind 這個遊戲的過程一樣。
The Baloney Detection Kit:
Carl Sagan’s Rules for Bullshit-Busting and Critical Thinking
http://www.brainpickings.org/2014/01/03/baloney-detection-kit-carl-sagan/
Decoding The Universe The Great Math Mystery
Documentary 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_RKFCvQJqI
《科學的範疇》(二)
[科學應用的範疇]
從現代科學的角度來說,
科學定律或理論的「應用範疇」range of application
是極為重要的概念。
舉例言之,
如果我們僅僅在香港境內旅遊、遠足或建築房子的話,
那麼「地球是平的」就是一個很合用的理論。
假使我們想環球旅遊的話,
那麼「地球是圓的」才是一個合用的理論。
道理很簡單,
如果一個球體相對於人來說是龐然大物的話,
那麼球體上任何一個小範疇都可以視為一個平面!
數學裡的微積分其實也常常應用這個想法。
聖經裡說的「此後我看見四位天使站在地的四角」
《啟示錄 7:01》可能也是這個想法。
舉例言之,
地球的引力,我們感覺不到;
地球的自轉和公轉,我們也感覺不到;
那麼「地球是不會移動的」就是一個很合用的理論。
舉例言之,
如果我們僅僅研究一般的化學反應,
那麼「原子核是不可分割的」就是一個很合用的理論,
而且我們亦只需要用到「能量守恆定律」,
不需要動用「質能守恆定律」。
比較常見的例子是:
如果在常速之下,我們會應用牛頓力學;
一旦接近光速,我們才會轉用愛因斯坦的相對論。
愛因斯坦其實並沒有「推翻」牛頓力學,
他只是替牛頓力學,加上了一個「應用範疇」而巳。
「應用範疇」這個概念,在批判思維的訓練之中尤其重要,
因為一般人都忽略了這一點:
就是很多看起來十分漂亮、冠冕堂皇的說話,
或者看似聰明睿智,影響到一般市民思維的說話,
其實都有應用的範疇。
《科學的範疇》(一)
[科學知識的範疇]
即使一般市民盲目地相信科學,
或者對科學的認識十分膚淺,
我們的教育制度依然不願意修訂課程,
向中學生及大學生介紹一下「科學究竟是甚麼?」
We must, incidentally,
make it clear from the beginning
that if a thing is not a science,
it is not necessarily bad.
For example, love is not a science.
So, if something is said not to be a science,
it does not mean that
there is something wrong with it;
it just means that it is not a science.
( Richard Feynman )
科學的限制,就是我們的五官感受,
即使我們用種種的儀器來增強我們五官的感受能力,
亦不能改變這個科學上的先天限制。
Anything that is outside of or beyond the senses
with which human beings can observe,
even with the help of instruments,
is outside of or beyond the bounds of science.
所以不少科學家對很多事物都不認識,
包括諾貝爾物理學家 Richard Feynman 所說的「愛」。
真正懂得科學,不盲目崇拜科學的人,
當然會明白英國大科學家 Sir James Jeans 在說甚麼:
Science fishes in the sea of reality with a
particular kind of net called the scientific method,
and there may be much in the unfathomable sea
which the meshes of science cannot catch.
( Sir James Jeans )
Every scientific fulfillment raises new questions;
it asks to be surpassed and outdated.
( Max Weber )
科學的信仰、精神、方法和制度,
當然可以應用在其他學問之上,
只不過其他學問可能會由於難以控制的變數太多,
而導致進步極度緩慢!
所以當我們說「某一樣學問並非科學」的時候,
我們必須先問一問自己:這門學問
1. 違背了科學信仰嗎?
2. 違背了科學精神嗎?
3. 是否沒有應用科學方法?
4. 有採用科學制度嗎?
如果這門學問遵守了科學信仰、精神、方法和制度,
它所得到的知識,怎可能不是科學知識?
假以時日,它所得到的知識怎可能不越來越精確?
至於違背了科學信仰、精神、方法和制度其中一項的學問,
就只能夠是「偽科學」!
《科學精神》(七)
從這個角度來看,科學知識是沒有止境的。
The game of science is, in principle, without end.
He who decides one day that scientific statements
do not call for any further test,
and that they can be regarded as finally verified,
retires from the game.
( Karl R. Popper )
換句話說,比較起人類其他的知識,
科學家了解甚麼是「相對地可靠」的知識,
而且科學家知道科學知識的可靠程度會越來越高。
Science begins with uncertainty
and is founded on uncertainty.
It provides no final answer
to the riddle of the universe
and it has no absolute truths.
However, relative truths in science
are still far better than
our common beliefs or opinions.
When ordinary people’s unrestable beliefs
are challenged by critiques,
they often try to escape to a land
where facts do not matter so that
their beliefs become less “falsifiable”.
We know very little, and yet
it is astonishing that we know so much,
and still more astonishing that
so little knowledge can give us so much power.
( Bertrand Russell )
科學家明白自己知道些甚麼,到達甚麼程度,
亦明白自己其實很無知,
因為當一個舊的問題解了之後,
一連串更多,更困難的問題往往隨後產生。
似乎我們不知道的東西,
增長得比我們知道的東西更快。
所以 Karl R. Popper 指出:「科學始於問題,也終於問題。」
越來越高層次的無知,永遠揮之不去。
對科學家來說,這既是一種無奈,也是一種刺激:
There is nothing which a scientific mind
would more regret than reaching a condition
in which there were no more problems.
that state would be the death of science,
not its perfected life.
( John Dewey, The Quest for Certainty, 1929 )
I personally dread the day when
there will be no more wonder in the universe,
no new problems to be addressed.
What a dull universe it will be for
that generation which solves the last problem.
Happily, I believe there is enough complexity in
the world to amuse human beings for all time.
( Isaac Asimov )
英國理論物理學家霍金 Stephen Hawking 亦指出:
「宇宙知識的探究將永無止境,我對這點是感到高興的。
找到終極理論再進行的科學探索,
猶如登上珠穆朗瑪峰後繼續尋找另一高峰。
人類需要這樣不斷探求知識。
我相信上帝一定十分沉悶,因為祂再無事物可以探索。」
最後,我們必須明白科學家當然沒法擺脫價值的判斷。
All sciences are now under the obligation
to prepare the ground for the future task
of the philosopher,
which is to solve the problem of value,
to determine the true hierarchy of values.
( Friedrich Nietzsche )
《科學精神》(六)
☆ 從事科學的人,應該既知道自己的所知,亦知道自己的無知。
We should realize that, if [Socrates]
demanded that the wisest men should rule,
he clearly stressed that he did not mean
the learned men; in fact, he was skeptical
of all professional learnedness,
whether it was that of the philosophers or
of the learned men of his own generation, the Sophists.
The wisdom he meant was of a different kind.
It was simply the realization: how little do I know!
Those who did not know this, he taught,
knew nothing at all.
This is the true scientific spirit.
( Karl R. Popper )
科學理論,其實是建設在「浮沙」之上,
正如地殼的板塊是浮在岩漿之上:
The empirical basis of objective science
has thus nothing “absolute” about it.
Science does not rest upon solid bedrock.
The bold structure of its theories rises,
as it were, above a swamp.
It is like a building erected on piles.
The piles are driven down from above
into the swamp, but not down to any
natural or “given” base;
and if we stop driving the piles deeper,
it is not because we have reached firm ground.
We simply stop when we are satisfied that the
piles are firm enough to carry the structure,
at least for the time being.
( Karl R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959 )
參考:《浮沙恐懼症》(一) 《浮沙恐懼症》(二)
Absolute certainty is a privilege of
uneducated minds — and fanatics.
It is, for scientific folks, an unattainable ideal.
( C. J. Keyser )
To teach how to live without certainty,
and yet without being paralyzed by hesitation,
is perhaps the chief thing that philosophy,
in our age, can still do for those who study it.
( Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy )
但千萬不要小看建設在「浮沙」之上的東西,
只要這些東西能夠不斷修正,不斷改善,不斷學習,不斷進步,
不斷提升,就必須正視!
人工智能電腦的完美,或許就是源於能夠透過科學方法和態度,
不斷的學習 Machine Learning,自我修正、改善、提升和進步,
謝絕人性,按章工作,精密計算,去蕪存菁,以至能突破所限,
包括人工智能電腦創始者的極限,一步一步慢慢迫近真理,
將人類最優秀的森林思維和根源思維模式發揮到淋漓盡致。
真理當然是非人性,冷靜,不需要顧及任何人類情緒感受,
真理一向公平,不講人性、感情、交情,沒有恐懼和亢奮。
☆ 不要介意被人說自己是在鑽牛角尖,
因為科學就是要鑽牛角尖、就是需要辯論和批判,
就是必須通過實驗來證明那一個假說是對的。
《科學精神》(五)
☆ 鼓勵天才
科學既重視「累積」智慧,亦欣賞天才的智慧。
所以從事科學的人,
除了要有能力領悟和欣賞巨人天馬行空的
創意思維 creative imagination 之外,
亦要具備獨立思考的能力。
然而在人類的其他事務之上,我們就未必會有這樣的心態。
Creative ideas are both novel and valuable. But
they are often rejected when the creative innovator
stands up to vested interests and defies the crowd.
The crowd does not maliciously or willfully reject
creative notions. Rather, it does not realize, and
often does not want to realize, that the proposed
idea represents a valid and advanced way of thinking.
Society often perceives opposition to the status quo
as annoying, offensive, and reason enough to ignore
innovative ideas.
( Robert J. Sternberg,
Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized,
Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.109 )
☆ 隨時從根源開始再去思考。
I submit that it is only by trial and error,
by insistent scrutiny and by readiness
to re-examine presently accredited conclusions
that we have risen, so far as we have risen,
from our brutish ancestors;
and I believe that in our loyalty to these habits
lies our only chance not merely of progress
but even of survival.
( Judge Learned Hand )
科學界中的巨人隨時都能夠從根源開始再去思考,
令科學界出現不少重大的進步。
最初哲學家只是用「躍進」leaps 來描繪這種科學的進展:
Science advances by leaps;
and the impulse for each leap is either
some new observational resource, or
some novel way of reasoning about the observations.
Such novel way of reasoning might, perhaps,
be considered as a new observational means,
since it draws attention to relations between facts
which would previously have been passed by unperceived.
( Charles S. Pierce )
☆ 建設信仰
追求智慧的人窮畢生之力去建設屬於個人的信仰,
不斷地批判、修訂、破壞、甚至破舊立新,由根源開始重建信仰,
這個過程就是科學精神的表現,就是一個開放心靈的工作。
Wisdom requires an open-minded attitude,
and a scientific construction of personal faith,
which is the guardian of our choices in
vicissitudes, crossroads and critical situations.
Faith provides us with sound judgements and
therefore confidence in our actions and reactions.
Faith is self-corrective because it is always under
modification, construction and reconstruction,
becoming better and better and finally sustainable.
( Jason Ling )
問題是世間上一流的人物罕見,科學界也不例外,
三、四流的科學家當然具備一切人性的缺失。
Scientific inquiry is prone to the eternal rules
of human social life:
deference to the charismatic,
herding toward majority opinion,
punishment for deviance, and
intense intense discomfort with admitting to error.
( Ian Leslie )
How ‘Settled Science’ Helped Create
A Massive Public Health Crisis
http://www.investors.com/politics/commentary/how-settled-science-caused-a-massive-public-health-crisis/
直到 Thomas Kuhn 才用上「科學革命」 scientific revolutions
這個誇張一些的詞彙。
從思維方面,從哲學方面,尤其是天文學的角度來看,
用「革命」來描述科學的歷史發展狀況,無疑是對的,
但從地球上生活的角度來看,
與其說科學中有很多「革命」revolutions,
不如說科學中有很多「進化」evolutions。
在地球上,我們依然是應用牛頓力學。
《科學精神》(四)
☆ 「愚公移山、精衛填海」的精神
科學重視「穩紮穩打」及「按部就班」,
從來都沒有意圖一步登天;
科學的目的只是一步一步地「迫近真理」。
從「迫近真理」的角度來看,科學重視的,
其實就是中國傳統裡「愚公移山、精衛填海」的精神,
科學的成功亦證明了如果人類倚靠理性、
倚靠懷疑和批判的精神,和倚靠集體智慧,
「愚公移山」的精神有永恆的價值。
☆ 「累積」的精神
科學重視「累積」智慧,重視站在巨人的肩膀上向前望。
一代不能夠達到的理想就由下一代接手,
而每個有腦的人都可以為科學盡一分力,作出貢獻。
It is not in the nature of things for any
one man to make a sudden violent discovery;
science goes step by step, and every man
depends on the work of his predecessors.
When you hear of a sudden unexpected discovery
──a bolt from the blue, as it were──
you can always be sure that it has grown up
by the influence of one man on another,
and it is this mutual influence which makes
the enormous possibility of scientific advance.
( Ernest Rutherford )
☆ 實事求是
科學對從事科學的人在理性方面的要求,只是起碼的條件。
現代從事科學的人,如果要有所成就的話,
還需要擁有若干其他方面的能力。
The scientific process of inquiry is cognitively demanding
because vision, creativity and intuition come into play
in the construction of theories.
表面上看來,尖端的科學家似乎極為「好高鶩遠」,
然而面對眼前的問題,科學家卻是異常地「務實」:
The scientist is a practical man
and his are practical aims.
He does not seek the ultimate but the proximate.
He does not speak of the last analysis
but rather of the next approximation.
( Gilbert N. Lewis, 1926 )
其實這也是「科技的精神」:
1. 改變可以改變的。
2. 暫時接受暫時不能改變的,並將之放在心上。
3. 追求進步。
☆ 奮鬥精神
科學家除了要有思考能力和批判精神之外,
耐性性和不屈不撓的奮鬥精神,
是性格方面有利於從事科學研究的條件。
perseverence and courage in the face of
repeated setbacks and frustration.
☆ 拒絕承認「唯物主義」Scientism 是宇宙唯一真理
Science is an activity that seeks to explore
the natural world using well-established,
clearly-delineated methods.
Given the complexity of the universe,
from the very big to the very small,
from the inorganic to the organic, there is
a vast array of scientific disciplines,
each with its own specific techniques.
The number of different specializations is
constantly increasing, leading to more questions
and areas of exploration than ever before.
Science expands our understanding,
rather than limiting it.
Scientism, on the other hand, is a speculative
worldview about the ultimate reality of the
universe and its meaning. Despite the fact that
here are millions of species on our planet,
scientism focuses an inordinate amount of
attention on human behavior and beliefs.
Rather than working within carefully constructed
boundaries and methodologies established by
researchers, it broadly generalizes entire fields
of academic expertise and dismisses many of them
as inferior. With scientism, you will regularly
hear explanations that rely on words like “merely,”
“only,” “simply,” or “nothing more than.”
Scientism restricts human inquiry…
it is, in a word, unscientific.
( Thomas Burnett )
http://www.aaas.org/page/what-scientism
《科學精神》(三)
☆ 從事科學的人需要「管理自己」。
The first principle [of science]
is that you must not fool yourself,
and you are the easiest person to fool.
( Richard Feynman )
參考:《思考可以是一種信仰》(二)
☆ 科學對從事科學的人在理性方面有若干的要求。
科學服膺「理性」,
所有從事科學的人都需要以「理性」為其信仰之一。
The scientific process of inquiry is rational
because scientific knowledge relies on logical reasoning.
科學界是「尊重」和「歧視」一齊並行不悖,
既尊重和包容,亦歧視和排斥。
科學討厭做假和虛偽,
絕對不會左手擁抱神,右腳和魔鬼跳舞。
科學尊重及包容所有同樣「誠實、喜歡思考、重視真理」的人。
具備科學態度及有腦的人,即使說錯了,依然會得到「尊重」。
There is equality and respect among cultivated minds.
不知道甚麼是科學態度兼愚昧的人,備受「歧視」,
沒有懂得科學的人會肯浪費時間和他「溝通」。
There is also disrespect for ignorance and foolishness.
參考:《歧視和尊重》
Stubborn and ardent clinging to one’s opinion
is the best proof of stupidity.
( Michel de Montaigne )
「歧視」冇腦是科學界成功的因素之一!
別誤會,愚蠢人當然有表達自己意見的自由,
但絕對不是在科學界之內!
而且要弄清楚一點,就是科學界只是「歧視」冇腦,
並不「歧視」這位仁兄其他的各方面,包括他的面貌、膚色和信念。
其實這就是《大學》裡所說的
「無情者,不得盡其辭」的一種處理方法。
然而一般人可悲的地方是往往將「我」和自己的腦掛鉤,
而不是將「我」和自己的學習態度掛鉤。
Modern Western civilization is the result
of endowing with the fruits of a dozen
men of genius a population which is
emotionally at the level of savages and
culturally at the level of schoolboys.
( Cyril Joad )
科學家做實驗就是主動「尋釁滋事」。
Science is not about building a body of ‘facts’.
It is a method for asking awkward questions
and subjecting them to a reality-check,
thus avoiding the human tendency to believe
whatever makes us feel good.
( Terry Pratchett )
「知錯必改」是科學家應有的學習態度和自動自覺的習慣。
不斷修訂,甚至推翻舊有概念,重新建設,就是科學方法。
In science it often happens that scientists say,
‘You know that’s a really good argument;
my position is mistaken,’
and then they would actually change their minds
and you never hear that old view from them again.
They really do it.
It doesn’t happen as often as it should, because
scientists are human and change is sometimes painful.
But it happens every day.
I cannot recall the last time someting like that
happened in politics or religion.
( Carl Sagan, 1987 CSICOP Keynote Address )
☆ 修行者當然需要具備科學精神。
修行者最起碼的功夫就是「認識自己」和「管理自己」,
所以必須擁抱科學精神和擁有一個開放的胸襟。
Freethinkers are those who are willing
to use their minds without prejudice
and without fearing to understand things
that clash with their own customs,
privileges, or beliefs.
This state of mind is not common,
but it is essential for right thinking…
( Leo Tolstoy )
「君子之道,費而隱。」費,廣大也;隱,精微也。
科學精神,就是其中一種「君子之道」!
科學精神,要求人格的真,亦要求學問的真;
一言以蔽之,科學精神,就是「真人研究真事」!
《科學精神》(二)
哲學家洛克 John Locke (1632-1704) 和
康德 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 都「認為」,
人類不能夠肯定客觀世界的存在,
因為我們感官所提供的,只不過是一個「感覺」,
而「感覺」到的世界不等同客觀的世界,
所以哲學家說他們不能夠「相信」在人腦之外,
有一個客觀的世界存在。
科學家「相信」在人腦之外有一個客觀的世界存在。
他們用工具和儀器來解決感官判斷的誤差,
用「互為主觀」、「互相批判」的方式,
及一點一滴累積起來的經驗,
「證明」了客觀世界的存在,同時獲得可靠的知識。
科學家既相信及證明有一個外在、客觀、現實的世界,
亦相信有一個客觀存在的概念世界,稱之為科學真理,
並且努力以赴地去發掘這個客觀的概念世界。
參考:
《科學是一種信仰》(一)
《科學是一種信仰》(二)
《科學是一種信仰》(三)
《科學是一種信仰》(四)
☆ 科學絕對尊重客觀的事實和實驗結果。
科學服膺「事實」,
所有從事科學的人都需要接受「實驗」的挑戰。
The scientific process of inquiry is empirical
because observation and experimentation are
regarded as the ultimate authority.
所以科學知識在哲學裡,
稱為「後驗知識」a posteriori knowledge,
就是那些需要依靠感官經驗才可以獲得的知識,
所以「後驗知識」又稱為 empirical knowledge。
然而科學知識不但需要依靠感官經驗,
更需要一個小圈子的科學家「互為主觀」來得到共同經驗,
並且需要經過批判和或多或少的後續「實驗」,才可以產生。
所以「後驗知識」中的「驗」字,蘊涵著經驗和實驗兩個意思。
1. 先有事實,然後才有解釋。
an open attitude toward experience
2. 重視驗證。
a commitment to experimental truth
3. 從事科學的人最好能夠有敏銳的
觀察力 keen observation 和抽象的推理能力。
4. 研究發生錯誤的地方。
The study of error is not only
in the highest degree prophylactic,
but it serves as a stimulating
introduction to the study of truth.
( Walter Lippmann )
☆ 科學服膺「互為主觀」的方法。
科學中所謂「客觀」objectivity,
其實就是「互為主觀」intersubjectivity。
由於所有人類的觀察或實驗都是「主觀」的,
人類能夠做到最好的就是「互為主觀」。
所謂「互為主觀」的觀察或實驗,
就是任何一位有足夠智力及受過訓練的人,在同樣的情況之下,
都會得到同樣的結果。
「互為主觀」作了下列的假設:
1. There is a single, unique physical world
existing independent of observers.
2. All trained human beings are interchangeable
as observers.
3. Scientific observations are reproducible,
regardless of who makes them and when they are made.
Experiments can be repeated and checked independently.
4. Interpersonal communication is basic to
man’s construction of reality and
lies at the very heart of the scientific method.
簡而言之,
Science requires an observational consensus of
trained and competent observers.
「互為主觀」這個方法中最值得注意的一點,
就是尊重和應用了一個小圈子的「集體智慧」:
collective rationality of selected human beings。
在《Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance》一書中,
R. M. Pirsig 提出相同的看法 ( p.262 ):
What guarantees the objectivity of the world
in which we live is that this world is
common to us with other thinking beings.
Through the communication that we have with
other men we receive from them ready-made
harmonious reasonings.
We know that these reasonings do not come
from us and at the same time we recognize
in them, because of their harmony,
the work of reasonable beings like ourselves.
And as these reasonings appear to fit the world
of our sensations, we think we may infer that
these reasonable beings have the same thing as we;
thus it is that we know we haven’t been dreaming.
It is this harmony, this quality if you will,
that is the sole basis for the only reality
we can ever know.
( R. M. Pirsig, 1974)
用俗語來形容,在符合所有事實之下「英雄所見全同」,
就是客觀科學知識的來源!
即使在哲學上,「互為主觀」的應用亦是相當重要的。
如果沒有這個方法,
我們沒有可能理解人類的「感覺」會否有相當程度的共識,
而沒有共識,就根本不可能有哲學上的「美學」的出現。
至於不太重視「互為主觀」的文學、音樂和藝術,
他們的世界就有很重的主觀,宣傳及互相諂媚的成份!
《科學精神》(一)
科學是人類文明之中一種能夠自我修正、不斷進步的制度!
Science is self-corrective.
科學的歷史告訴我們,
雖然「科學知識」不斷增加,「科技」不斷推陳出新,
「科學理論」不斷革新和進化,
但「科學的程序」scientific process 和
「科學的精神」scientific spirit 卻是堅固如磐石。
科學之所以能夠去蕪存菁、自我完善,
除了因為科學挑選了人類中的精英參與之外,
還因為科學有一套價值觀和程序上的要求。
人類中的科學精英,容易具備及接受「科學精神」,
而「科學程序」則負責防範人腦和人性兩方面的弱點。
☆ 科學小團體在科學程序上的要求
All this knowledge,
all our knowledge has been built up communally :
there would be no astrophysics,
there would be no history,
there would not even be language,
if man were a solitary animal.
( Jacob Bronowski )
Scientists are not dependent on the ideas of
a single man, but on the combined wisdom
of thousands of men, all thinking of
the same problem, and each doing his little bit
to add to the great structure of knowledge
which is gradually being erected.
( Ernest Rutherford )
一個公開,但門檻高,要求嚴格,並且互相監察的小團體,
是現代科學的程序之一。
這個小團體的功能,就是進行同儕監察和評審。
The scientific process of inquiry is social
because it relies on the consensus of
a community of competent observers and thinkers.
The scientific community has its own traditions,
canons of workmanship, a large range of agreement,
and ways of distinguishing rather well between
sound opinions and dubious ones.
這個小團體在程序的要求,有些人稱之為
criterion of public verifiability。
而所謂 public 是指有腦和有能力的公眾!
由於科學重視「思考、理性、批判」,
所以重視科學家之間的辯論和互相印證。
監察小團體的存在,目的只是防範人腦和人性兩方面的弱點。
1. 重視「誠實」 honesty。
誠者,天之道也。
用科學的角度來解釋這句說話,
就是如果我們向自然界問一個問題,
自然界必然誠實地回應我們。
如果自然界沒有「真」truth 和「誠」sincerity,
我們今天沒有可能有科學!
Nature is rational and uniform.
It is not capricious.
It is always honest in its replies to our queries.
Science is impossible if we cannot trust nature.
如果自然界只有「真」,沒有「誠」,會欺騙人類,
固然沒有可能有科學,
如果科學家之間互相欺騙,人類亦不可能發展出科學。
Intellectual honesty is a necessary requirement
of all scientific inquiries.
這一點的重要性絕對不能夠輕視,
因為只有「真」和「誠」才可以產生「信」faith──
不論是對自然界的「信心」,還是對科學的「信仰」。
而人與人之間,
亦只有「真」和「誠」才可以產生「互信」trust!
這就是為何儒家說:「不誠無物」。
從這個重視「真」和「誠」的角度來看,
「科學精神」和「宗教精神」不但毫無衝突,
而且兩者都是來自同一根源。
2. 重視「言論自由」。
Science believes in freedom of inquiry and speech.
言論自由是科學和文明發展的基石!
歷史學家陳寅恪 (1890-1969) 深明此理,所以他指出:
「我認為研究學術,最主要的是要具有自由的意志和獨立的精神。
『唯此獨立之精神,自由之思想,
歷千年祀與天壤而日久,共三光而永光』」。
We have now recognized the necessity
to the mental well-being of mankind
( on which all their other well-being depends )
of freedom of opinion,
and freedom of the expression of opinion ……
it is only by the collision of adverse opinions
that the remainder of the truth
has any chance of being supplied.
( John Stuart Mill )
If we are to live in harmony
with ourselves and with nature,
we need to be able to communicate
freely in a creative movement
in which no one permanently holds to
or otherwise defends his own ideas.
( David Bohm )
香港有經驗的打工仔只會明白揀工不如揀老闆,
然而陳寅恪在德國留學期間已經知道揀課程不如揀導師,
已經明白「成功」和「成就」的分別,
所以並且不介意學富五車的一生之中沒有一張文憑。
3. 重視「懷疑和批判的精神」scepticism。
Scepticism exists when one doubts
everything that he has been taught and
everything that exists in his mind.
科學精神要求「博學、審問、格物、慎思、明辨」!
而「博學、審問、格物、慎思、明辨」就是「擇」的方法。
科學精神,就是去蕪存菁!
科學精神,就是擇善固執!
科學精神,就是以公開批判方式來解決問題!
當然,有能力在某方面作出理性批判的,
只是一小撮該方面專家。
Most institutions demand unqualified faith;
but the institution of science makes skepticism
a virtue.
( Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure )
「懷疑和批判的精神」是近代華人社會的忌諱,
因為很多中國人都不願意說出心中的說話。
箇中原因很多,因人而異,但離不開下列幾個:
1. 害怕別人會怎樣想。
2. 害怕別人會覺得自己愚蠢。
3. 害怕別人會覺得自己聰明,加以防範。
4. 相信自己有更好的方法達到自己的目的。
5. 想保護脆弱的心靈。
不知從甚麼時候開始,中國人說話喜歡「婉轉」,
自以為「笑裡藏刀」和「婉轉裡藏劍」夠高級和有文化,
所以從中國人的角度來看,科學精神屬於低級文化!
中國人寧願犧牲科學的發展。
If people would dare to speak to one another
unreservedly, there would be a good deal less
sorrow in the world a hundred years hence.
( Samuel Butler )
一個國家的教育制度如果不能夠鼓勵「懷疑和批判的精神」,
就不可能發展出科學精神;
沒有科學精神,就只能夠抄襲別人的科技,
而且所有尖端的科學家,就只能夠靠其他國家來訓練,
不僅如此,
所有尖端科學的接班人,亦只能夠靠其他國家來訓練。
[後記]
然而凡是有人的地方,就會有糾紛,
理想的科學小團體未必能夠常常存在。
科學小團體亦會產生嚴重的問題,
其中一種就是用投票精神來取代科學精神:
Noah Feldman
On the Nature of Evidence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuXz0El70dk